Cats and Rabbits Game: Implement Turn-Based Predator-Prey Game Simulation

Question

## Round 1 - Coding / OOD

## Problem

Simulate a turn-based grid game where cats try to catch rabbits. Each turn: rabbits move randomly to an adjacent cell; cats move one step toward the nearest rabbit. If a cat and rabbit occupy the same cell, the rabbit is caught. Simulate until all rabbits are caught or a max turn limit is reached.

```python
class Animal:
    def __init__(self, animal_id: str, x: int, y: int): ...
    def move(self, dx: int, dy: int): ...

class Cat(Animal):
    def choose_move(self, rabbits: list['Rabbit']) -> tuple[int,int]: ...

class Rabbit(Animal):
    def choose_move(self) -> tuple[int,int]: ...

class Game:
    def __init__(self, grid_size: int, cats: list[Cat], rabbits: list[Rabbit]): ...
    def step(self) -> list[str]:   # returns ids of caught rabbits this turn
        ...
    def run(self, max_turns: int) -> dict:
        # returns {"turns": int, "caught": list[str], "escaped": list[str]}
        ...
```

## Example

```
cats    = [Cat("C1", 0, 0)]
rabbits = [Rabbit("R1", 4, 4)]
game = Game(grid_size=5, cats=cats, rabbits=rabbits)
game.run(max_turns=20)
# -> {"turns": 8, "caught": ["R1"], "escaped": []}
```

## Follow-ups

1. How does your cat movement strategy change if there are multiple rabbits — does the cat chase the nearest or apply some heuristic?
2. How do you prevent two cats from targeting the same rabbit inefficiently?
3. What happens on a toroidal grid (edges wrap around)?
4. How would you add a line-of-sight constraint so cats can only move toward rabbits they can "see"?

Cats and Rabbits Game: Implement Turn-Based Predator-Prey Game Simulation

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